Relationship between Parent and Child Essay

When I was younger, scraped knees were a daily thing and whenever that happened I would always run to the most important person in my life for help: my mom. To a child, a parent is someone that can care for and love them. Children start their attachments during infancy. Moreover does a person have to be biologically related to be a parent to a child, and does it affect the relationship to a child’s understanding. Of the many different relationships we form over the course of a life span, the relationship between parent and child is among the most important. A baby cries, a parent feeds her; a baby snuggles, a parent hugs her. When distressed, babies turn to the person who satisfies their needs. When babies or even children get hurt they rely on their parents for help. They would cry until safely in their mothers or fathers arms. see more:life in 2050 essay I know this because not only did I do that as a child but I have a little cousin, a niece, and nephew who would run to their parents every time they were hurt, even if it was a little scratch. However some children never experience love and compassion from their parents. Like lily; form the book The Secret Life of Bees, her mother left her at a young age. Her father on the other hand, became cruel and mean toward lily. Given this, lily started developing feelings of being ‘unlovable’. This leaves the child without a secure attachment and then doesn’t stand a good chance of developing happy, competent relationships with others. Therefore, it goes to show that a child looks to their parents for care and love. By the end of the first year, most infants who are cared for in families develop and attachment relationship with their primary caretaker. Some don’t believe this, they assume that children don’t understand anything, therefore they’re unable to create and attachment to a parent or the primary caregiver. But, research proves that a child will develop a strong bond with the one; in most cases the parent, that takes care and loves the child. The attachment between a parent and child doesn’t just stop there but grows more and more with behavior. The more the parent is a part of the child’s life the more the child attaches to them. For me I am more attached to my mom than my dad and it’s because my dad is more boy type but my mom and I are like twin sisters, we understand each other like no one else would. I spend most of my days with her and because of that our relationship is stronger. Children attach to their parents, and thus their  relationship becomes a stronger bond. Parental influence in the life of a child tells us how a child grows to understand life. I believe that a child without a mother loses certain aspects of life. And a child without a father loses a type of understanding and guidance in life. Without a parent the child’s ability to do right fail and they end up looking for that guidance in the wrong groups such as gangs or groups doing drugs. Children need their parents and look up to them for guidance. In addition research proves that a parent does not have to be related to the child, what defines a parent is â€Å"to be or act as parent of: to parent children with both love and discipline.† Lily’s mom died and she was left with an abusive father so she ran away. In the end of the story, she discovered that even though her mother was gone she still and 3 other mothers who loved her. The absence of parental influence can affect a child’s life negatively; however, a parent doesn’t have to be biologically related to be a caretaker. Of the many different relationships we form over the course of a life span, the relationship between parent and child is among the most important. Children need their parents for multiple reasons. Children need the love and care of their parents. The attachment a child has toward their parents only grows with closeness. Without that a child loses important understanding that only a parent could provide. I look up to my parents for guidance and I learn things from their wisdom. My parents are more important to me than anyone else. Who’s the most important person in your life?

Archival Research Paper – Philippine Typhoons

Degree of Loss and Destruction: A Look into the Impact of Typhoons that Hit the Philippines from 2008 – 2011 December 2012 Table of Contents Title   CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION This chapter contains all the information regarding the Background of the Study, Statement of the Problem, Significance of the Study, and the Scope and Limitations of the study. Background of the Study A typhoon is a hurricane occurring especially in the region of the Philippines or the China Sea.It could destroy lots of areas wherein many Filipinos suffer- people starve, becomes homeless, and lose their loved ones. Philippines is often visited by a lot of typhoons is because of the mere fact that it is the first massive land next to the Pacific Ocean. Trade winds gather near the equator and combines with several equatorial winds. These winds are sometimes merged by warm bodies of ocean water which makes them stronger and more indestructible. Recently, a typhoon named Pablo visited the Philippines. A typh oon is a hurricane that when occurs in a certain area, urban or rural, can make a disaster.Pablo made a devastating impact on the Philippines. It made a very big effect in the Mindanao particularly on Compostella Valley, Cateel, and New Bataan. The river transformed into a body of water full of mud. The place was full of broken tree parts, structure debris and bodies of dead people. Also, outside the Philippines, a hurricane named Sandy visited New York City this year. Hurricane Sandy left New York with homeless families, destroyed places and flooded streets. Due to these tragic events, our group has decided to conduct this study. Filipinos were emotional because of those calamities happened from the past.They felt so down seeing their properties and areas damaged by these typhoons and felt so hopeless knowing that everything seems to be devastated or gone and they could no longer live the life like before these incidents happened. Although a lot of things are going through their mi nds, they still have to face the fact that life must go on. Despite all of these calamities happening, they’re still very fortunate to have a lot of people from all around the country giving help and donations to them. Also with the aid of the government organization and other countries, they have survived and started again to live on their own.Statement of the Problem 1. To what extent or impact did the typhoons bring to the Philippines from the year 2008 up to 2012 in terms of: a. Loss of lives (death tolls) b. Damage to properties, infrastructures, and the places affected (amount) c. Destruction of nature Significance of the Study The group has conducted this research to have benefits in these certain sectors: GOVERNMENT AGENCIES/INSTITUTIONS – This research will aid in future researches as well as in making plans, programs and projects to help victims of storms and to be well prepared if the Philippines will experience future storms.ACADEME – This research w ill help schools in making their students better prepared for storms in teaching them and informing them the impact made by storms based on the data collected. It can also help the schools when they will make try to help the victims of storms. The school will know what should be their proper action to help the victims. COMMUNITY – This research will let the community be aware on the effects storms have in the Philippines. The community will know what the proper course of action will be to be safe from the storms.PSYCHOLOGISTS/SOCIAL WORKERS – This research will give knowledge to them of what to expect from the victims of the storm. So that they will be able to help properly and deal with the victims who just came from these tragic events. Scope and Limitations The study was conducted here in Davao City. The researchers used the Archival technique to look for different source documents from archives, the internet, and other reference materials related to further support the study.It focuses on the different impacts of the typhoons that have struck the Philippines starting from the year 2008 to 2012 especially its effects to the people, the properties and surroundings, and the whole nation itself. It seeks to only answer the questions given from the Statement of the Problem and not from others which are not directly related to the study. The Archival research method was decided by the researchers to be used in this study therefore no other methods shall be used. The resources were also carefully chosen which suited the theme of the investigation.CHAPTER 2: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK This chapter includes the Objectives of the Study, Hypotheses, and Conceptual Framework. The Conceptual Framework presents the concepts that are placed within a logical and sequential design which clarifies concepts and propose relationships among notions in the study. Objectives of the Study This study is intended to strengthen people’s awareness about the destruction brought by the typhoons going in and out the country from 2008 to 2012 and how the victims of these timely calamities recovered from such impact made by storms.From these researches, people will have knowledge about how severe the damages a typhoon can bring to an affected area and its people. It would take the victims weeks or even longer to recover not just financially but in every aspect that defines their being such as how to handle the emotional distress from the sudden tragedies they experience. Hence, they will need the help of those who are fortunate enough to be spared from such catastrophes. Hypotheses Alternative Hypothesis:From 2008 to 2011, Philippines has been highly devastated by a lot of typhoons that made big impacts on the properties and lives of Filipinos and places affected, as well as to the nature. Null hypothesis: A lot of typhoons have visited Philippines from 2008-2011, but there were little impact happened on the properties and lives of Filipinos and place s affected, as well as to the nature. Conceptual Framework Dependent Variables: Death Toll Properties/Infrastructures destroyed Destruction in nature Independent Variables: All typhoons and related calamities that have hit the Philippines starting from 2008 up to 2011 Degree of Damage:Not that Destructive and Costly (high casualties and damage (among the four)) Destructive and Costly (higher casualties and damage (among the four)) Very Destructive and Costly (highest casualties and damage (among the four)) Way/source of recovery from calamities: Government Fundings for losses/damages incurred Assistance from other countries and international groups Donations from all over the country Psycho-social effects The diagram presented The diagram presented above includes the independent variables which are the different typhoons and related calamities that have struck the country in a span of four years.This then leads to the dependent variables being measured which includes death tolls, in frastructures/properties destroyed, and the destruction they have brought to nature. With these, we can now identify the level of damage incurred to the country, as seen on the next box. And finally, the last box contains ways on how the affected citizens have recovered after these tragic events happened, based on the level of damage. CHAPTER 3: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter presents the literature and related studies which have direct bearing on this study. It also discusses the deadly storms in the Philippines as well as its impacts.Our study will be helpful to our society by means of increasing their knowledge about typhoons and their impacts to their livelihood. Typhoon According to Webster (2007), a typhoon is a violent tropical cyclone originating in the western Pacific. Typhoons feature heavy rains and winds that maintain  speeds  equal to or greater than 74 miles (119 kilometers) per hour. Similar storms that occur in other parts of the world are called tropi cal cyclones or hurricanes. The word typhoon comes from the Chinese term tai-fung, meaning great wind. A typhoon is also a natural disaster.The heavy rains and strong winds of a typhoon can cause great loss of life and billions of dollars in property damage. As a typhoon approaches lands, its winds produce a rush of seawater called a storm surge that can devastate coastal areas. Philippine Topography, Weather and Climate Philippines  is located in Southeast Asia and goes by many names such as â€Å"The Pearl  of the Orient Seas†. It is composed of 7107 islands. These islands are scattered all throughout the country's geographical  location  which is why you can never really tell the exact shape of the  Philippines  even in a map.It is surrounded by warm bodies of ocean water that's why it is always visited by typhoons. But mostly, in the east part of the Philippines is always visited because it is facing in the Pacific Ocean. The Philippines is hot year-round but sea breezes can add freshness during the winter (November to February). The typhoon season lasts from around July to October, although in recent years it seems to have been starting and finishing later – in 2010 for example there was severe flooding in North Luzon as late as November. Rainfall patterns vary across the country. In  Manila, Palawan and Coron, for example, most rain occurs in the yphoon season. Other areas (including much of the Bicol region) have no distinct dry season, with the most rain from December to February. The Visayas have only a short dry season from November to January, while in Leyte and Bohol, rainfall levels don’t change much throughout the year. Travelers should therefore check the local climate before making plans. Most tourists visit from January to May (and particularly the first half of that period) when most of the country is undergoing its best climatic conditions. Surfers, on the other hand, are attracted to the islands during the typhoon season as it brings the biggest waves. Columbus, 2012) Philippine Storm Warning Signals (PSWS) The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) releases tropical cyclone warnings in the form of Public Storm Warning Signals (PSWS). An area having a storm signal may be under: (DOST, 2007) * PSWS #1 – Tropical cyclone winds of 30-60 km/h are expected within the next 36 hours. Unless this warning signal is upgraded during the entire existence of the tropical cyclone, only very light or no damage at all may be sustained by the exposed communities. Rice crop, however, may suffer significant damage when it is in its flowering stage. PSWS #2 – Tropical cyclone winds of 60-100 km/h are expected within the next 24 hours. In general, the winds may bring light to moderate damage to the exposed communities. * PSWS #3 – Tropical cyclone winds of 100-185 km/h are expected within the next 18 hours. In general, moderate to heavy damage may be experienced, particularly in the agricultural and industrial sectors. * PSWS #4 – Tropical cyclone winds of greater than 185 km/h are expected within 12 hours. In the overall, damage to affected communities can be very heavy. Philippine EcosystemPhilippines’ ecosystems provide the essentials of life to millions of people – from seafood and game animals, to fodder, fuel wood, timber, and pharmaceuticals products. They play a major role in economies and are an important social safety net for the rural poor. The Philippines has among the highest rates of discovery in the world with sixteen new species of mammals discovered in the last ten years. Because of this, environmentalists believe that the rate of endemism for the Philippines is likely to rise. However, conservationists fear that, without immediate intervention, the Philippines hotspot is on the brink of an extinction crisis.In fact, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Na tural Resources (IUCN) has identified the Philippines as â€Å"one of the most endangered of the world’s biodiversity hotspots. †Ã‚   â€Å"Widespread destruction and conversion of natural habitats, overexploitation, and pollution have led to rapid biodiversity loss,† said a World Bank report. (Tacio, 2009) Recent Philippine Typhoons In 2009, the Phillippines was visited by a typhoon named Ondoy. Ondoy was considered a weak typhoon but it brought record rainfall and flooding in September. A state of calamity was declared in  Metro Manila  as well as 25 provinces.Marikina  and  Rizal  province were the hardest hit areas. According to  PAGASA, Ondoy dumped 455 millimeters of rain in  Quezon City  alone within 24 hours. As per the National Disaster Coordinating Council’s last report, Ondoy left 337 people dead, 308 injured, and 37 missing. Estimated cost of damages amount to almost Php 10. 5 billion in infrastructure and agriculture. (Typhoon Watch 2009) In 2010, Typhoon Basyang  at  80 mph  is the most destructive typhoon in the Philippines. It affected the provinces of  Quezon  and  Bataan  and also hit the islands of Calaguas and  Balesin. It incurred  8. million USD  in damages and claimed the lives of 37 casualties, most of whom are fishermen. Manila and Northern Luzon were not spared as well. Major power lines were knocked down leaving 40 million citizens in the dark. This damage to power has caused fury among citizens over PAGASA's failure to predict the storm's path. (WikiPilipinas. org, 2010) In 2011, Sendong entered the Philippines leaving cities devastated. (Sendong – International Code/Name: Washi). If we’re keeping tab of the most destructive typhoon of the year, then 2011 saved the â€Å"best† for last. On 15 December 2011 (11:00 a. m. , PAGASA issued its first severe weather bulletin for Sendong, announcing that this Tropical Depression east of Mindanao has entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), with estimated maximum winds of 55 kph near the center. By 5:00 p. m. , Public Storm Warning Signal No. 1 was raised in 11 provinces in Visayas and Mindanao, raised to Signal No. 2 by 11:00 p. m. While Sendong did not exceed Signal No. 2, the heavy rains it brought caused massive flooding, loss of life and property, in various places Mindanao including Cagayan de Oro and Iligan. At 10:30 p. m. of 18 December 2011, PAGASA announced that Sendong has left the PAR.As of  28 December 2011, the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) readjusted the death toll  caused by storm â€Å"Sendong† from 1,453 to  1,249  after basing it on existing â€Å"body counts. † This figure does not include those who are missing or injured, or the number of houses and establishments destroyed by Sendong. (Typhoon Watch, 2011) Global Issues All the spare parts appear to be coming together to create what forecasters a re calling â€Å"Frankenstorm,† a monster combination of high wind, heavy rain, extreme tides and maybe snow that could cause havoc along the East Coast just before Halloween next week.Hurricane Sandy, having blown through Haiti and Cuba on Thursday, continues to barrel north. A wintry storm is chugging across from the West. And frigid air is streaming south from Canada. And if they meet Tuesday morning around New York or New Jersey, as forecasters predict, they could create a big wet mess that settles over the nation's most heavily populated corridor and reaches as far inland as Ohio. With experts expecting at least $1 billion in damage, the people who will have to clean it up aren't waiting. Utilities are lining up out-of-state work crews and canceling employees' days off to deal with the power outages.From county disaster chiefs to the federal government, emergency officials are warning the public to be prepared. (Borentsein, 2012)   Still fresh in the memories of Americ an's, especially those from New Orleans, Hurricane Katrina was the costliest hurricane in US history as well as one of the 5 most deadliest ever recorded. Knocking out levies in Louisiana Katrina caused over 80% of New Orleans to flood before moving into the northeastern United States dumping rain all across the area. By far the largest natural disaster to ever hit the US Hurricane Katrina is $80 billion (2008 USD) in damages and killed 1,836 people with 705 still missing.One thing that stands out about the Katrina disaster is the utter failure of FEMA or any other government agency to provide support and rescue services to the areas. Lawlessness was rampant with police shooting innocent civilians and going door to door confiscating guns from American citizens in dry areas just trying to defend their homes. The remnants of Hurricane Katrina are still evident in New Orleans even as efforts to rebuild the city are still under way. (Ranker, 2012) Late in the night on October 10, violen t storms swept in from the Bay of Bengal and lashed the coastal districts of south east Bangladesh.At least 31 people were killed in Noakhali, Bhola and Chitagong, while a further 1,500 fishermen along with 200 fishing boats in the Meghna River, remain missing. The storms damaged hundreds of thatched houses, cut off villages and left many without electricity. Displaced people in the affected districts are residing on road sides, raised ground, schools and colleges, and are in need of shelter, basic food and non-food items. Livelihoods dependent on agriculture and livestock are at risk due to losses from the wind damage and tidal surge that accompanied the storm.The IFRC has allocated 266,000 Swiss francs (284,903 US dollars) from its Disaster Relief Emergency Fund to support more than 25,000 people over the next four months. The main focus will be on providing affected families with a package of food and non-food relief items including emergency shelter materials, water jerry cans a nd dry food. (Ahmed, 2012) Violent storms in southern China have killed at least 18 people and injured more than 150, state media report. Gale-force winds, heavy rains and hailstones battered Guangdong province at the weekend, forcing hundreds of people to evacuate their homes.The authorities say those who died where struck by falling objects or collapsing walls. The extreme weather has caused millions of dollars of damage to buildings as well as farmland, officials said. The storms, packing winds of up to 164 km/h swept through the provincial capital, Guangzhou, and the nearby cities of Foshan, Dongguan and Zhaoqing. The storms have affected more than 3,200 people, and at least 45 houses have been destroyed, a spokesman from the province's flood control headquarters was cited by Xinhua as saying. The civil affairs ministry put the cost of the damage at 96m yuan ($14. m). About 2,500 acres (1,000 hectares) of crops were damaged, state media reported. (BBC News, 2011) CHAPTER 4: RESE ARCH METHOD This chapter describes the research method used by the researchers in studying the case presented. Archival Research Type Archival research is a method in which the sources of data are various types of documentations. It includes any project in which existing documents or data are the units of observation. These may include music, novels, movies, diaries, and other reports, as well as raw, aggregate, or statistical data collected by others.Traditional archives include library records, courthouse records, and business records. Archives are usually printed or handwritten, they are called  paper archives. With the advent of computers and the Internet, many archives now exist only in electronic form; they are called  electronic archives. Most archives are valuable so pains are taken to keep them safe. Natural disasters and wars can destroy archives and cause the loss of priceless information. Archival data are collected for a variety of reasons. The Archival research typ e is the best method to be used because the study focuses on the past.And the best possible way to look at the past is searching through the history. This history refers to archives and other source documents that were recorded, listed, written, or printed from time to time. Through these resources, the group can now carefully collect and select data from the past which would help them to carry on further with their study. CHAPTER 5: DATA GATHERING AND PROCEDURES This chapter includes the methods on how and where the data were gathered, what are the instruments used for the collection of information and the different steps that the researchers have carefully followed for the success of this study.Research Locale The researchers conducted the study at the Ateneo de Davao University, E. Jacinto Street, Davao city. This school was established at the year 1948 and founded by the Philippine province of the Society of Jesus, the Ateneo de Davao aims to develop students through academic ex cellence, spiritual growth and social involvement. Source Documents were collected from the different resources available from the web and more importantly at University Library which is one of the best libraries in the country – with a wide array of resources, always accessible to all students and within the vicinity of the school campus.Research Instruments Since the archival technique was used for the study, archives and documents from different sources were gathered to support the study. These references include: written or published documents like book and newspaper articles, theses, and statistics to name a few; photographs; news reports; videos; and information from the internet. The researchers made sure that the instruments gathered are helpful and directly related to the study. Also, all of the resources were carefully chosen from the years 2008 until 2011, for a span of four years.Data Collection Procedure The data gathering procedure covered a period of one week, beginning on the 8th to the 16th of December 2012. The group properly observed the following steps while conducting the study: 1. The group used archival research method and chose to conduct a research topic with the agreement of all its members. 2. The group went to the school library to look for available collections of books, records, documents, and/or other print or nonprint materials as a source of data that can help them gather information for their research. . In gathering the information, the group asked for assistance of the librarian to locate the resources needed. 4. The group carefully examined the references they have gathered and made sure that it is related to their study. The examination lasted for several days. 5. The group examined their gathered data, and then developed them for better purposes in the research. Records on the topic were identified, categorized, and converted into data that are then analyzed with quantitative or qualitative methods. 6. The group ma de their research paper.They became cautious of understanding and interpreting the data collected. After that, they organized them and made different ways of presenting their finding. 7. Since this is a descriptive method of research, specifically the archival type, the researchers finally made conclusions out of the information gathered to answer the problem stated. For the data presentation, the types of materials the group used to  report the findings from their research were photographs, videos, newspaper and online articles, statistics, books, and the internet.All these steps helped the group in conducting their study. CHAPTER 6: PRESENTATION OF DATA This chapter presents all of the data found and gathered by researchers for the study. The data are presented through tables, photographs, and notes from books, online and newspaper articles which were collected for the research. A. 10 Most Destructive Typhoons in 2008 (Philippines) (Sources: NDRRMC, DPWH, and Wikipedia) Typhoon name| Casualties| Damage| Cosme| 51| $100,000,000| Frank| 1371| $380,000,000| Helen| 24| $232,800,000| Igme| 23| $441,000,000| Julian| 204| $200,000,000|Marce| 12| $100,000,000| Nina| 67| $300,000,000| Ofel| 6| $240,400,000| Pablo| Not Stated| $6,500,000| Quinta-Siony| 30| Not Stated| Total(as per data gathered)| 1788 deaths| $ 44 700 000 billion(est. Php 18 327 700 000 billion)| Photographs (from Google Images and WordPress) Uprooted trees by Bagyong â€Å"Igme† A woman crying for the loss of her In Metro Manila. husband during Typhoon Ofel. A lot of homes were destroyed Search and Rescue operation during the onslaught of Bagyong Nina during Tyhpoon Helen.These people became homeless due Houses were greatly affected by the to the destruction caused by â€Å"Cosme†. flood brought by â€Å"Ofel†. Newspaper/Online Articles (for Typhoons â€Å"Frank†, Ofel†, and â€Å"Nina†) â€Å"Nearly two years after typhoon â€Å"Frank† ravaged Weste rn Visayas, the national government finally released P600 million as part of the P4-billion fund intended to rehabilitate damaged areas and infrastructure. † â€Å"The P4 billion is part of the P12-billion supplemental fund approved in December 2009 for rehabilitation of areas damaged by typhoons Pepeng and Ondoy in Luzon  in 2009 and Frank for Western Visayas in 2008. â€Å"Typhoon â€Å"Frank,† which struck on June 21, 2008, triggered the worst flooding in Western Visayas and left at least 531 persons dead in the region including 226 who remain missing and presumed dead. At least 2,555 others were injured. The  Department  of  Public  Works  and Highways (DPWH) earlier said that 11 bridges in Antique and 16 bridges in Iloilo were destroyed or damaged by flood waters that submerged many areas in Panay. † * Excerpt from Inquirer Visayas. â€Å"Gov’t releases P600M for typhoon Frank rehabilitation† by Burgos, Nestor, Jr. May 20, 2010) â €Å"At least 598  people have been killed by the typhoon as it dropped torrential rain that caused flooding and mudslides in the Philippines, which means that it could be one of the top ten deadliest tropical cyclones in the Philippines. In  Iloilo  province, 59 are reported killed and 40 missing. In  Iloilo City, 30,000  people were forced onto rooftops when a nearby reservoir burst. In the  Bicol Region, more than 200,000 people sought temporary shelter from the typhoon. Meanwhile, as the storm passed through  Metro Manila  and its nearby provinces, it caused widespread  power outages  which lasted for hours.Typhoon Fengshen could be one of the deadliest typhoons to hit the Philippines, killing over 1,300  people here, mostly from the sinking of the Princess of the Stars  ferry during the storm. The Philippine National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) on June 23, 2008, reported that: 98  people died, 115 were missing, 66 were hurt, 99,687 families we re affected, 155,564 houses were damaged, 53,706 were totally wrecked, and 109,837 were partially destroyed, in 10 regions, due to typhoon â€Å"Frank† as of Monday noon (excluding the MV Princess of the Stars incident). The  Philippine National Red Cross  placed the death toll at 229.Frank destroyed P 500  million crops amid its P 1. 7  billion damage to property in Iloilo. The US responded by donating P 4  million and sent  USNS Stockham and US Navy P-3 maritime surveillance aircraft ship, for rescue. AFP  reported 224 dead and 374 missing (598) as of Monday. The  Philippines  National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) reported that â€Å"Frank† damaged a total of P 3. 2  billion worth of agricultural and fish products and more than 300 schools nationwide (P 212  million). Additional damages to infrastructure were pegged at P 750  million, and fishing boats at P110  million, or a total of P 4. 27  billion pesos.According to the latest N DCC Situation Report on Typhoon Frank (Fengshen), 557 were dead (excluding the deaths in the MV Princess of the Stars), 87 were missing and 826 wounded. Frank affected 4,784,634 persons in 6,377 barangays in 419 municipalities in 58 provinces all over the Philippines. Damages in agriculture amounted to almost PHP 7. 542 billion while infrastructural losses made it to around PHP 5. 983 billion, which, all in all, totaled to slightly more than PHP 13. 525 billion. The most affected areas were  Iloilo,  Capiz,  Aklan  and  Antique  in  Panay Island  as well as  Leyte  and  Eastern Samar  in Region VIII. † * Taken from Wikipedia. rg. â€Å"Typhoon Fengshen 2008† â€Å"Not just rain, but quarrying in a mountain site contributed to the landslide thatkilled a man who went to fetch water at a spring in barangay Jaclupan, Talisay city on Thursday during typhoon Ofel. Talisay City Entineer Audie Bacasmas, who sent staff to inspect the site, said they foun d that  continuous extraction of soil in sitio Tabok Sapa was a factor in the mishap. He left a wife and three children, who are seeking assistance after losing the the family’s breadwinner. His daughter-in-law Michelle Arat said continuous rains in the past days may have softened the soil near the well and triggered the landslide. * Excerpt from Inquirer. net – â€Å"Rain, quarrying behind landslides† by  Gabriel C. Bonjoc. (October 27, 2012) â€Å"Eight people were dead and 15 others went missing as typhoon Nina (international codename Hagupit) left the Philippines Tuesday, the government's disaster coordinating agency reported. The National Disaster Coordinating Council's (NDCC) late Tuesday report said the eight fatalities died in landslides, of drowning and electrocution. A total of 14 miners remained trapped at a mine site in Itogon town in Benguet province.One more missing person identified as Nilia Alejo, 58, of Barangay Bugnay, Valderama, Antique w as also reported missing. The miners were last reported 700 feet below ground. The governor said the rescuers have not seen signs of life. Mud washed down by typhoon-induced rain had blocked the entrance of the tunnel, preventing rescuers from reaching the miners, authorities said. Rescuers pumped water out of the tunnel so the mud can be cleared out. The typhoon left the Philippines area of responsibility Tuesday and was forecast to move to Hongkong on Wednesday morning. † * Taken from abs-cbnNEWS. om – â€Å"Typhoon Nina leaves 8 dead, 15 missing† (September 24, 2008) Online Blog An excerpt from â€Å"My Experience on Typhoon Frank† by â€Å"Bevs† from WordPress. (posted June 23, 2008) â€Å"June 21, 2008 is a memorable day not only for me but for my fellow Ilonggos. I went out of the office 6:00 AM and was shocked to see the flood just outside the building. Me and my officemates were stranded. We only had two choices, to cross the flood and go t he other way or to wait for a jeepney to pass us by. We were stranded. I already felt that the rain won’t stop anymore and the wind is getting stronger.We waited for 15 minutes, when a jeepney passed us. When I arrived home, the wind got stronger. Since my dog stayed outside our house, I was so worried when I saw him wet and shaking and without food. I brought him inside my room and let him stay there (until now). But because I was so tired and sleepy (from work) I managed to sleep. It’s just 3 hours when I laid on my bed when I heard the strong wind clashing outside with rain pouring, so strong that I couldn’t sleep at all. So I went out side. To my surprise I saw the water getting higher. I felt so scared that it would get higher and higher.So I started picking up all the things to the higher grounds of our house to safety. I could hear the clashing of the waves few meters away from the house. Almost all of our neighbors houses were filled with water mostly kn ee-level. Luckily, ours had not. I guess it’s because our house is located on the higher part. The typhoon slowed down by 2pm. Right then the flood begun to get low. But we’ll still scared of what will happen on the few hours. But then luckily, everything’s been ok. Although there’s no electricity still, what is important is that we are safe, have enough water to drink and food, and shelter.My concern is to those who are on the areas where flash floods occurred. Typhoon Frank hits the City early in the morning and killed more than a hundred people and hundreds more missing. I can’t really say that I’m happy because me and my family were safe, but I thought of the people who were on their rooftops waiting to be rescued and others who were drowned. † * Taken from http://sveb. wordpress. com/2008/06/23/my-experience-on-typhoon-frank/ B. 10 Most Destructive Typhoons in 2009 (Philippines) (Sources: NDRRMC and DPWH) Name of Typhoon| Casualti es| Damage|Ondoy (Ketsana)| 337 dead, 308 injured,And 37 missing| Php 10. 5 billion| Pepeng (Parma)| 375 dead, 175 injured,And 48 missing| Php 8. 142 billion| Emong (Chan-hom)| 60 dead, 53 injured,And 13 missing| Php 1. 2 billion| Santi (Mirinae)| 34 dead, 20 injured,And 15 missing | Php 704. 97 million| Dante (Kujira)| 27 dead, 5 injured,And 7 missing| Php 553 737 631 million| Kiko (Morakot)| 20 dead and 13000People were homeless| NotStated| Jolina (Goni)| 12 dead, 10 injured,And 2 missing| NotStated| Feria (Nangka)| 8 dead| Not Stated| Urduja| 3 dead| Not Stated| Maring (Mujigae)| Not Stated| Php 25 million|Total(as per data gathered)| 876 dead, 571 injured,And 122 missing| Php 21 125 707 631Billion (est. )| Photographs (Google Images, Reuters, and WordPress) These men are trying to stay above A man tries to help these 2 ladies to the water during Typhoon â€Å"Emong†. have transportation during â€Å"Ondoy†. The man seems problematic because Cars are seen damaged on the streets of the flood made by Typhoon â€Å"Pepeng† after the visit by Typhoon â€Å"Ondoy†. This coastline devastation happened The spirit of bayanihan is seen as in a province outside Metro Manila. hese men carry a victim during â€Å"Ondoy†. Newspaper/online Articles (for Typhoons â€Å"Ondoy†, â€Å"Pepeng†, and â€Å"Santi†) â€Å"The damage to property was estimated to be  P6 billion, including P4. 1 billion in damage to infrastructure, P1. 9 billion in damage to schools, and P882. 525 million in damage to agriculture. According to the  Bureau of Agricultural Statistics  of the  Philippines Department of Agriculture, an estimated 126,721 hectares of rice-farming land were destroyed, which would affect almost 3% of the country's annual expected rice production. Added to this, Ketsana devastated some 1,374 hectares of corn plantations.Some 48 hours after Ketsana struck Metro Manila, the Philippine government appealed to the international community and the  United Nations  for help. Various United Nations agencies, the  United States, the  People's Republic of China, and  Japan  provided emergency assistance to the victims of the typhoon in the Philippines. † * Taken from Wikipedia. org. â€Å"Typhoon Ketsana† â€Å"At least 73 persons were killed and nearly 70,000 families were displaced by massive flooding after tropical storm Ondoy (international name: Ketsana) dumped the heaviest rainfall on Metro Manila in more than four decades, officials said Sunday.As of 6p. m. Sunday, the National Disaster Coordinating Council also reported 69,513 families displaced and 337, 216 persons affected in Metro Manila and nearby provinces. In the province of Rizal, 23 persons were reported dead in Tanay; 10 in Angono, five in Baras and three from Montana. Nine people were reported killed in Bulacan and seven more in Metro Manila, according to the NDCC. The provinces of Pampanga, Apayao, Batan gas, Quezon, and Teresa town in Rizal also reported casualties. † * Excerpt from Inquirer. net – â€Å"ONDOY TOLL: 73 dead, more than 300,000 displaced by Ondoy† by Evangelista, Katherine. September 27, 2009) â€Å"Typhoon Santi (international code name: Mirinae), the fourth superstorm to hit the Philippines in a month, lashed through the Southern Tagalog region Friday night, leaving at least  10 people dead and four missing, and a trail of damage in several provinces south of Manila. The reports of Santi’s destruction have started to trickle in. According to the relief agency Southern Tagalog People’s Response Center, Santi damaged 170 houses in Siniguelasan, Bacoor, Cavite. The STPRC also reported that at least 280 families in Lipa and Laurel towns in Batangas province are now calling for relief aid.Another 284 houses were badly affected in Laguna, citing initial data from the Provincial Disaster Coordinating Council. These reports are actually no surprise because the eye of typhoon Santi passed through the very region that covers these three provinces. Manila suffered minimal damages and residents of the nation’s capital only had to endure the sheer terror of Santi’s howling winds in the wee hours of Saturday. Huge swaths of Metro Manila and Southern Tagalog also lost electric power as the combination of strong winds attacked power transformers. * Excerpt from Asian Correspondent – â€Å"Typhoon Santi lashes through the Philippines, underscores need for serious disaster mitigation plans† by Cruz, Tonyo. (November 1, 2009) â€Å"Even though Parma was still too far to make its landfall in northern Philippines, various transportation was suspended before the super typhoon draw near. In  Catanduanes, where the first signal warning no. 3 was raised, the province's power and communications were cut. Fallen trees were already in the main roads. About 30,000 families were evacuated. In addition als o to the  Bicol  region, more than 2,000 passengers were stranded in ferry stations. 9 provinces including Metro Manila were put to signal warnings, with each place experienced massive rainfall with strong winds. Parma made its landfall at Northeastern Cagayan at 3:00pm PST. In  Cagayan, at least 6,036 people in 39 barangays (villages) were affected, while P20. 33 million worth of agricultural produce were destroyed. Also, in the Chico River was swelled due to the typhoon, making the Maguilling Overflow Bridge along the Cagayan-Apayao Road impassable. The Maharlika Highway in Ilagan, Isabela to Cagayan became hardly passable due to the trees and electric posts that fell when Pepeng battered the area.Total power interruption also crippled the provinces of Kalinga, Apayao, and the northern towns of Isabela. In Kalinga, landslides were reported on roads linking the provincial capital, Tabuk, to upland towns. In Zambales, at least 2,100 families were evacuated as Pepeng brought he avy rains causing the Bucao River to swell. The Carael section of the Zambales highway became impassable due to rising floodwaters. Due to heavy downpour, the  San Roque Dam  in Eastern  Pangasinan  and Pantabangan Dam in  Nueva Ecija  was forced to release huge amount of water. It caused flooding in Eastern and Central Pangasinan as well as Nueva Ecija.In  Metro Manila  the area is still experienced torrential rains and strong winds. Floodwaters continue to rise in some areas in Metro Manila and  Calabarzon. In  Pateros, Muntinlupa, and  Taguig, in  Taytay  town in Rizal province, and in the towns of  Binan  and  San Pedro  in  Laguna  province, the flood is not subsiding. The  Laguna de Bay  is breaking a 90-year record in meters of water, which threatens to submerge more areas in Metro Manila. In  Benguet, a landslide killed at least 200 as Tropical Depression Parma continues to bring rain across northern  Luzon. Due to severe floodin g,  Leptospirosis  became a problem that affected many.In Pasig City General Hospital alone, 30 people have been taken in for diagnosis. The  Department of Health  announced that there is a  Leptospirosis  outbreak in Marikina. † * Taken from Wikipedia. org – â€Å"Typhoon Parma† Online Journal/Diary An excerpt from â€Å"My Typhoon Ondoy Experience† by Rose Paterno (posted Oct 19, 2009) Septemeber, 26, 2009 â€Å"It was a rainy Saturday morning. Like any other ordinary weekend, my children and I watched cartoons early in the morning together in our house ar Riverside Village, Brgy. Sta. Lucia, Pasig City. At around 10AM, we started preparing our food for lunch.It surprised me when I went out of our house and saw flood starting to get high, which isn’t normal in our village. Some of our neighbors blamed the flood to the excavation of Manila Waters. When I was preparing at the kitchen, the rug I was stepping on was soaked I though it was just a leak from the sink. I tried to replace it, but after a couple of minutes, it was damp again, so I checked out all the corners of the house. Just then, the flood began to enter. We try to mop it out so that it will not enter my children’s room, but when I saw water coming out of the comfort room, I immediately called my brother-in-law so that he could come ver to get my children and bring them to their house where it was safer. We put everything on our house’s high places. We thought that if flood will continue to fill our house, it would reach up to knee level. We left and had lunch at my in-law’s house. When we came back, the water had already reached our sofa, so we put everything on our bed but still the water got higher. My in-laws started to help us get necessary things such as my children’s milk and some clothes good for 2 days. Meanwhile, flood water continued to enter our house, so we put our refrigerator, washing machines, electric fan, a nd other appliances about a table high.In a minute, our refrigerator tilted and fell in water. The only thing we could do at that time was to get all the food we could get. I tried to get back to our room to get additional clothes, but my husband grabbed me out of the house because the flood was almost chest level. He told me to leave everything. In a matter of 2 hours the water immersed all the things that we had. † * Taken from http://www. magsaysaywecare. com/1/post/2009/10/my-typhoon-ondoy-experience-by-rose-paterno. html C. 10 Most Destructive Typhoons in 2010 (Philippines) Sources: NDRRMC, DPWH, and Wikipedia) Name of Typhoon| Casualties| Damage| Basyang (Conson)| 68 dead, 102 injured,And 91 missing| Php 377. 98 million| Florita (Lionrock)| 28 dead, 20 injured,And 9 missing| Php 45 million | Juan (Megi)| 31 dead, 42 missing| Php 11 billion| Caloy (Chanthu)| 41 dead| Php 77. 9 milliion| Domeng (Jelawat)| 3 dead| Not stated(caused low damage)| Ester (Dianmu)| 1 dead, 2 inj ured,and 15 missing| Not stated(caused low damage)| Inday (Fanapi)| No casualties recorded| Not stated(caused low damage)| Glenda (Kompasu)| 2 missing| Php 25 million|Agaton (Umais)| No casualties recorded| Php 4. 1 million| Katring (Chaba)| 3 dead| Php 996, 300| Total(as per data gathered)| 175 dead, 124 injured, and 159 missing| Php 11, 567, 876 300 billion (est. )| Photographs (from Google Images, Reuters, and Travel blog) Houses damaged by Typhoon â€Å"Caloy†. Aftermath in Cagayan made by â€Å"Juan†. Battered roofs & trees in Metro Manila A top-view of the destruction by made by Typhoon â€Å"Basyang†. Typhoon â€Å"Juan† in Cagayan Valley.Top-view of a barangay in Isabela 4 men are captured rescuing a child after Typhoon â€Å"Juan† hit the place. during â€Å"Juan† in Pangasinan. Newspaper/online Articles (for Typhoons â€Å"Juan† and â€Å"Basyang†) â€Å"The day-long heavy rains and strong winds brought by Juan  de stroyed houses, felled trees, caused power outages and cut off communication lines  in Cagayan and Isabela provinces and flooded some towns in Pangasinan. Isabela is still under  state of emergency  but the worst is over for Cagayan, said Office of Civil Defense administrator and NDRRMC executive director Benito Ramos.Based on the  National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council’s  (NDRRMC, formerly NDCC)latest site report, at least 974 families or 4,614 persons were affected by typhoon Juan in four regions in La Union, Pangasinan, Cagayan, Isabela, Kalinga and Aurora. As of Monday night, some 866 families or 4,151 persons were evacuated to 16 evacuation centers across the Ilocos region, Cagayan Valley, Cordillera and Central Luzon. Agriculture undersecretary  Antonio Fleta  estimated that farmers may lose 600,000 metric tons of rice crops.About 157,000 hectares of rice farmlands in Cagayan and Isabela provinces were in the path of the typhoon. â€Å"Ev en if farmers harvest the damaged rice, they’d have a hard time drying the grain. There may not be much left to sell,†Ã‚  he told  Bloomberg. † * Excerpt from Philippine Online Chronicles. â€Å"Super typhoon Juan batters northern Luzon† by Hermitanio, Maui (October 18, 2010) â€Å"The United Nations has assured the Philippines of support and assistance in the aftermath of typhoon ‘Juan' (international name: ‘Megi'), according to Philippine Ambassador to the United Nations Libran Cabactulan.Metro Manila was not as prepared last year when Ondoy brought the area to a standstill and hundreds perished and thousands rendered homeless. Millions in property and agricultural products went down the drain. The OCHA and other multilateral organizations such as the European Union as well as individual countries such as Japan, the US, France, Germany, Great Britain, even China pledged millions in US dollars to help the Philippines recover from Ondoy. â₠¬  * Excerpt from Balita. ph – â€Å"RP gets UN assurance of assistance in Juan's aftermath† by Baylon, Gloria Jane. October 20, 2010) â€Å"Within the Philippines, 102 people died and 46 people are listed as missing. Damage is estimated at 378  million  2010  PHP (8. 17  million  2010  USD). When Conson made landfall in Quezon province at  11:00 pm  (PST)/ 15:00 (UTC), power supply in Metro Manila, including 35 hit provinces in Luzon, went out. Telecommunications were also lost. Trees were uprooted, poles were strewn on the streets and rooftops were blown off. Classes from primary to college were suspended until July 14.At regional airports, air traffic officials canceled 29 international and local flights due to dangerous flying conditions brought about by the storm. Elementary and pre-school classes for Metro Manila  and affected provinces in  Luzon  canceled its classes before the afternoon of July 13. 15  Philippine Airlines  flights fr om different airports were canceled due to heavy rain, gusty winds and near zero visibility. Roughly 500 passengers in  Bicol  and Quezon Province  were stranded at their respective ports as the coast guard declared that ships may not depart due to high waves and heavy rains.Areas that had public storm signal warnings experienced high winds and torrential rains. Off the coast of Pandan, 20 fishermen went missing after their boats capsized amidst rough seas produced by the storm. By July 13, only one person had been rescued while the 19 others still remain missing. Near Bagamanoc, 11 other fishermen went missing due to similar incidents. † * Taken from Wikipedia. org – â€Å"Typhoon Conson (2010)† Online Blog/Journal An excerpt from â€Å"My Basyang Experience† by â€Å"Chris† from www. mommyjourney. com (posted July 14, 2010) â€Å"Last night was another one of those sleepless nights.And it’s all because of the typhoon Basyang. Typhoon Basyang started to blow its winds by 9pm and with each hour that passed, the winds grew stronger and stronger. Until about 12 midnight, I could hear our roof being battered by the winds. Power was out and the kids were still asleep but around 1am, they woke up and said that it was hot and wondered why it was so dark. We embraced each other and I fanned them to sleep. I couldn’t sleep peacefully at all. And when the winds have finally stopped, it was the only time I was able to go to sleep. It was definitely a tiring night.When I woke up, our roof’s shingles were scattered everywhere on our lawn. It was a nightmare. The plants are all a mess. Wood that came from the neighbour’s was also there. It was chaotic. † * Taken from http://www. mommyjourney. com/2010/07/my-basyang-experience. html D. 10 Most Destructive Typhoons in 2011 (Philippines) (Sources: NDRRMC and Wikipedia) Typhoon Name| Casualties| Damage| Bebeng| 48| $31,700,000| Chedeng| 17| $287,000,000 | Dodong| 29| $248,000,000| Egay| 18| $16,700,000| Falcon| 11| $1,024,000| Juaning| 128| $126,000,000| Kabayan| 22| $480,000,000| Mina| 38| $603,000,000|Pedring| 95| $1,024,000| Quiel| 18| $2,500,000| Ramon| 10| $2,100,000| Sendong| 1268| $48,400,000| Total(as per data gathered)| 1 702Deaths| $ 447 460 000Billion(est. Php 18 345 868 000 billion)| Photographs (from Google Images and Photoshelter) Destruction on a property caused by A picture captured depicting victims Typhoon â€Å"Sendong† in Iligan. Of Typhoon â€Å"Pedring† in NCR. Heavy winds and strong water currents Destruction caused by â€Å"Chedeng† attack the shore of Manila. in a park in Luzon. The situation of a village near Ilocos Aftermath of a village inCagayan de during Typhoon â€Å"Quiel†. Oro after Tyhoon â€Å"Sendong†. Newspaper/online Articles (for Typhoons â€Å"Sendong†, â€Å"Pedring†, and â€Å"Quiel†) â€Å"Satellite estimated rainfall from Severe Tro pical Storm Washi over the Philippines. Severe Tropical Storm Washi brought 10  hours of torrential rains that triggered disastrous flash flooding over  Mindanao, an area that rarely experiences tropical cyclones. More than 200  mm (7. 9  in) of rain was reported in places where rivers were already swollen. During the overnight hours, hundreds of people were killed as flood waters and landslides destroyed homes along mountain sides.In some locations, flood waters rose by 3. 3  m (11  ft) in less than an hour. Residents impacted by these flood waters were forced to seek refuge on their roofs amidst 90  km/h (55  mph) winds. The mayor of Iligan  regarded the floods as the worst in the city's history. More than 2,000 people were rescued from the hardest hit areas. Damage was estimated at  ? 2. 068  billion (2012  PhP, $48. 4  million  USD). Over half of the damage was due to damaged roads and bridges. † â€Å"A massive relief operation involving the e vacuation of 100,000 people occurred on the morning of December  17, 2011.Approximately 20,000 soldiers were mobilized to assist in recovery efforts and evacuations. The  Philippine Coast Guard  was dispatched to search for missing people after villages were reported to have been swept out to sea. Sixty people were rescued off the coast of  El Salvador, Misamis Oriental  and another 120 in the waters near  Opol Township. President  Benigno Aquino III  visited  Cagayan de Oro  and  Iligan  on December  20, 2011, and declared a  state of national calamity in the affected provinces. The total cost of damages to agriculture and infrastructure is estimated at P999. million according to the  National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. The President also appealed to its citizens to help the victims in their way of celebrating  Christmas  in his Christmas Message. † * Taken from Wikipedia. org – â€Å"Tropical Storm Washi† à ¢â‚¬Å"The estimated damages in infrastructure and agriculture due to typhoons Pedring and Quiel has reached P15 billion, the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council said in its latest report Monday. The report stated that Pedring has caused P14. 96 billion-worth of damages to nfrastructure and agriculture in the National Capital Region, Cordillera Administrative Region, Regions I, II, III, IV-A, IV-B, V, and VI while four provinces of Region II suffered damages worth P115. 08 million because of Quiel. The two typhoons have also damaged a total of 71,518 houses, affecting over 80,000 families. Records showed however, that more and more families were leaving evacuation centers to return to their homes. The report said that 21 road sections in Regions II, III and CAR remain impassable. The NDRRMC added that the Ambuklao (1 Gate/0. 5 m), Binga (2 Gates/1. m), Magat (1 Gate/2 m) and San Roque (2 Gates/1. 5 m) dams have opened their gates Monday morning after reaching thei r spilling levels. † * Excerpt from Inquirer. net – â€Å"Damages due to Pedring and Quiel reach P15 billion† by  Jamie Elona. (October 10, 2011) Online Blog An excerpt from â€Å"Typhoon Sendong Experience† by Krishia Kamille Tan (posted January 16, 2012) â€Å"  A rainy season welcomed the month of December in Iligan City. Low to moderate rainfall has been experienced almost every day. However, last December 16, 2011, heavy rain showered the entire city in the afternoon till nighttime.At 4:00 AM of December 17, 2011, while I was silently sleeping, my sister woke me up saying she heard noises and neighbors are in panic about a flood. The rain had already stopped but I observed that the water level is starting to rise. As I looked outside, the flood water is only about a meter away from our doorstep. As we walked pass a morgue, my heart started to sink and I felt like crying. Vehicles parked near it were covered with mud, people were crying, and other s were worried about their missing family members. It was then when my sister and I decided to travel back home to our hometown the following day.I saw the aftermath of Sendong as we passed by Tambo and Hinaplanon. My heart was crushed and I was secretly crying on the bus. When we arrived home, I immediately searched videos and pictures on the internet to see how Iligan City was greatly devastated. I never thought the death toll and missing persons would reach 1000. The news on the television was all about Sendong, Iligan City and Cagayan de Oro. Hundreds of people with generous hearts donated and offered help to the flood victims. Relief goods were continuously delivered to the evacuation centers and other areas.It was really relieving to know that many are really willing to help our fellowmen. I, for one, donated relief goods as a simple way to help the victims. My sister visited Bayug and Orchids Subdivision and she said that the place seemed to look as a sort of a ghost town. â € Ã‚   * Taken from http://karaamille. blogspot. com/2012/01/typhoon-sendong-experience. html Summary (Graphs) : The year 2008 had the highest number of casualties (1788), followed closely by 2011 (1702), then 2009 (1569), and last 2010 (458). The year 2009 had the highest damage with an estimate of Php 21. billion, then by 2011 with 18,345 billion, followed closely by 2008 with Php 18. 327 billion, and finally 2010 with an estimate of Php 11. 6 billion. Conclusion The following conclusions were made by the group based on the data gathered and after interpretation of the information presented were done: From 2008, there have been a total Php 18 327 700 000 worth of estimated damage in properties, infrastructures, and agriculture and an estimated total 1788 casualties from the 10 typhoons that have struck the Philippines all throughout the year.From 2009, there have been a total Php 21 125 707 631 worth of estimated damage which includes properties, agriculture, and infrastructure s and an estimated total of 1569 casualties from the 10 typhoons that have visited the Philippines for the 12-months period. For 2010, the Philippines have a total of Php 11 567 876 300 worth of damage to properties, infrastructures, and agriculture and have 458 casualties in total because of the 10 typhoons that have made it to the Philippine territory.For 2011, a total of Php 18 345 868 000 worth of damage on infrastructures, properties, and agriculture and 1702 casualties were brought by the 10 most destructive storms that have hit the Philippines in a span of one year. When it comes to nature, lots of landforms from both the urban and rural areas were destroyed, the seas have brought massive effects to places near the shore, a lot of trees were uprooted from the ground, and animals together with their shelter were greatly affected by these storms. They have really brought great hazards and danger to the people and the nation.From the data and photographs presented above, the gro up concludes that these typhoons have brought very high and costly impact to the Philippines starting from the year 2008 up to 2012. In total, the country has suffered an estimated total of 69 367 151 931 worth of damage and an estimated 5517 number of casualties in the span of four years. To summarize, the year 2009 has been the most destructive among the four, followed by year 2011, then year 2008, and last is year 2010. CHAPTER 7: RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the data gathered from past super typhoons (e. g.Basyang, Nina, Pedring, Sendong, Ondoy, Pepeng, and Quiel) these are the following recommendations: * Government should intervene by creating programs (drills where to go when a typhoon strikes), plans (land planning), and projects (purchase of additional early warning devices) that will help minimize the risk of possible loss of lives * Academic institutions should also practice their social responsibility by taking part in mobilizing the community on how to act accordingly prior , during and after the typhoon (by training future leaders to lead and adding the disaster risk training program in the curriculum) * There is a need for the community to be proactive and not just react by letting not just the men but also the women to take part in the planning of community risk reduction activities by the barangays. For those who wish to continue the study we recommend the use of individual depth interview of those who were past victims of the said typhoons for thorough and detailed extraction of information * Psychologists/social workers should take part in helping the victims of the typhoons with their traumatic and tragic experiences by assessing and helping them recover as time goes by. CHAPTER 8: REFERENCES This section contains all of the sources that the group made reference off during the whole course of the study. These references include books, theses, newspapers, journals, the internet, and other existing documents Books Bautista, M. & Go, S. (1985) Intr oduction to Qualitative Research Methods. De La Salle University Press: Manila, Philippines Battan, L. J. , (1961). The Nature of Storms. New York: Doubleday Jennings, G. (1970). The Killer Storms: Hurricanes, typhoons, and tornados. J. B. Lippincott Dictionary 2007). Webster’s Universal Dictionary and Thesaurus. (p. 532. ) WS Pacific Publishing: Manila, Philippines Newspaper Articles Casauay, A. (2009, Oct 1). Typhoon â€Å"Ondoy† damages ? 822-M agin products. Suns Star Davao. p. 7 Casauay, A. , Paredes, J. (2009, Nov 2). Typhoon â€Å"Santi† leaves 10 dead. Sun Star Davao. p. 15 Paredes, J. (2008, June 24). Typhoon â€Å"Frank† kills 163. Sun Star Davao. p. 13 Paredes, J. (2009, June 26). Typhoon â€Å"Feria† kills. Sun Star Davao. p. 11 (2009, Oct 3). Ondoy Aftermath. Suns Star Davao. p. 2 Online Articles Angeli, E. , Wagner, J. , Lawrick, E. , Moore, K. , Anderson, M. , Soderlund, L. , & Brizee, A. (2010, May 5).General format. Retrieved from http://owl. english. purdue. edu/owl/resource/560/01/ Tacio, Henrylito D. (2009, May 2). Philippines' Ecosystems on the Verge of  Extinction. Retrieved from http://www. gaiadiscovery. com/nature-biodiversity/philippines-ecosystems-on-the-verge-of-extinction. html Jeff, J. (2009). 10 Biggest, Deadliest, Most Destructive Hurricanes EVER!! Retrieved December 14, 2012, from  http://www. ranker. com/list/10-biggest-deadliest-most-destructive-hurricane_s-ever-/jeff419#RLEsVaKFtFeTcb6U. 99 Broward County Florida (2010). APA Style (6th ed. ) — Library Guide. Retrieved December 14, 2012 from http://nova. campusguides. com/content. php? id=114919 Dante, K. (2009). Typhoon: Lessons Learned in the Philippines. Retrieved December 15, 2012, from http://reliefweb. int/report/philippines/typhoon-lessons-learned-philippines/ Mariano, L. (2011) Typhoon Watch 2011: List of Typhoons. Retrieved December 15, 2012 from http://visitpinas. com/typhoon-watch-2011-list-of-typhoons/ Sumalinog, F. (J uly 2010) Archival Research References. Retrieved December 15, 2012 from http://peace. saumag. edu/faculty/kardas/Courses/RMPA/archivalresearch Pictures Google Images at http://www. google. com. ph/imghp? hl=fil&tab=wi Travel Blog at http://www. travelblog. org/Photos/ Photoshelter at http://www. anigarcia. photoshelter. com/ WordPress at http://www. whsword. wordpress. com/ Reuters at http://pictures. reuters. com/ Video (October, 21 2010). 9 accounted deaths in the aftermath of typhoon Juan. Retrieved December 14, 2012 from http://www. gmanetwork. com/news/video/68130/saksi/saksi-9-accounted-deaths-in-the-aftermath-of-typhoon-juan Other Websites (Blogs, Journals, Webpages, etc. ) Typhoons in the Philippines. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Typhoons_in_the_Philippines (2011, Apr 18). China: Violent storms kill 18 in Guangdong province. Retrieved f

American Revolution Essay

? The Northern Native Americans were known as â€Å"savages† by the European settlers, but actually they created some of the greatest civilizations in history. The lands and social cultures that European explored thought they â€Å"discovered† had in fact been developed way before they had arrived. When the European settlers arrived in North America they found an unknown continent largely populated by around 350 Native American civilizations. The Northern Native Americans ways of life may have differed but they were all able maintain and create advanced civilizations with an effective use of land and agriculture, a well-organized social structure and adequate living arrangements . One of the main reasons why Northern Native Americans were able to create such strong civilizations was due to their effective use of land and agriculture. With different native societies being located in the Southwest, South and Northeast of America, they all had to overcome different climatic and geographical hardships to survive. The Pimas and Papagos had to deal with the overwhelming fact of Southwest dryness and find a way to create an effective civilization that would thrive. The Pimas and the Papagos were able to make irrigation farming possible with narrow bands of vegetation in wet sands found along rivers to the Gulf of Meixco and Californina for nearly 3,000 years before European colonization. The Natchez and the Indians of Florida in the South lived in a climate that was perfect for farming with wide-ranging fertile plains and rich bottom land which made farming even more possible. Since agriculture is such a large part in all Native American civilizations, with the perfect climate and geography for farming enough food and plants were grown to support thousands of people. The Native Americans of the Northeast were blessed with varied geographical features but not as blessed with having to deal with growing seasons since it got very cold in the winter. In the Northeast cultivation became strongest support of the Native American economy. The Iroquois women were able to grow and harvest food to support 50 longhouses. Due to the way the Native Americans were able to adjust to their geographic and climatic hardships farming became prosperous. Along with agriculture, social structure is also a key factor in a successful civilization. The Pimas settlements were located a large distance apart and were governed by assemblies of men with one headman to manage the irrigation works. The Pueblo people had a strict code of behavior to abide by along with a government system and ceremonies of rituals. The Natchez had their own leader they called the Great Sun and they lived in a class based society where public torture and human sacrifice was common. The Indians of Florida had a similar social structure living in chiefdoms that were characterized by a class system. The Iroquois nation founded a confederacy that was able to control the period of persistent violence. This confederacy became one very powerful as it suppressed violence and outlawed warfare among member nations. By forming some sort of government, each Native American civilization were able to control their people and reach stability. The advanced civilizations would not have been stable if ample living arrangements for the large population of Native Americans did not exist. In the Southwest, the Pimas and Papagos lived in detached settlements that were separated up to a mile apart which allowed limited interaction with other people. The Pueblos lived a communal village life, living in dwellings of interconnected apartments. Due to the commitment of communal village life, the Pueblos populated the oldest continuously occupied towns in the United States. In the South, the Indians lived in villages of twenty to large towns of thousands; depending on their ways of life. The Iroquois of the Northeast lived in 400ft long homes called longhouses that housed dozens of families. Their villages were surrounded by wood walls which was evidence of conflict between groups. Algonquian communities consisted of smaller independent villages than those of the Iroquois people. The statement â€Å"By the eve of European Conquest, North Native Americans had constructed good civilizations† is true because way before the European settlers believed they found a â€Å"new world† the Native Americans were advancing and establishing strong civilizations on their own. When the Europeans came to settle, they encountered hundreds of Native American communities that were highly advanced for the time period. Even with limitations of their homeland due to geographic and climatic hardships, the North Native Americans were able to create livable and advanced civilizations. These civilizations thrived due to the Native Americans being able to adjust to their surrounding allowing great use of land for agriculture, strong social structures and organized living. .

The Giver by Lois Lowry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Giver by Lois Lowry - Essay Example Theirs is a rigidly controlled society where there is no suffering, hunger, war and also no color, sex, music or love. The â€Å"Elders† controls everything like who will become husband and wife, the son and daughter they will receive to take care of and the job to be assigned at the proper time which is at twelve years of age. A person can be released from the community if he is really old, a sick infant or those persons who break the rules. Jonas discovers after a year of training that people being released were actually being given lethal injection. Jonas was angered by such discovery so he, together with the Giver, devised a plan of escape for Jonas together with Gabriel, the sick baby who is to be released through lethal injection the next day. But then, their plan did not work out. In trying to escape, Jonas experience so much hardships and starvation. The reader is left to interpret it the way he looks at how the story ended. Being a book critic, he said that he likes the book because it could entertain the reader. He gave as example the way Jonas first experience happiness, pain and sadness. According to him it’s funny at how Jonas felt simple things like seeing and feeling snow and feeling the warmth of the sun turn incredible for him. He also wanders what love is when given the memory of love by the Giver who told him that it’s his favorite emotion. Another instance is when Jonas wonders hoe life in his world will be if it is filled with colors and memories and emotion. This critic also said that to show true emotion, the author showed a tearful Jonas when he found out that his father, a doctor, administers lethal injection to infants who are released from the community for being sick and weak. Because of this, he does not want to live with his father who is a killer. Another example is when Jonas begins to fall in love with Fiona, his friend whom he saw naked in his dream. The book also relays a good message saying that war is bad

Based on the two uploaded journals, what is one point from this week's Research Paper

Based on the two uploaded journals, what is one point from this week's readings that stood out to you. Your comments should f - Research Paper Example It is, however, both interesting and perplexing that while the complications experienced in data integration already has available solutions like the multi-level integrated information structures (MIIS), provisions for organizational change to accommodate new technology can not keep pace. Information in a knowledge-based society is considered a resource. Among others, organizational change in terms of revision / adaption of policies and resource handling constitute the primary issues which hinder data integration for inter-organizational networks. Data experts and concerned government authorities should, therefore, forge symbiotic relationships so that the power of synergized information and technology can be harnessed for optimal benefits of both government and society. Braman, Sandra. 2009. Change of State: Information, Policy and Power. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. The definition of information policy in the past is much simpler than it is today. The United States Constitution sought to protect the right of the people to communicate and express their opinion. Along with these protective mechanisms, the right of the people to information is enforced, since the only way for societal change to take place is by communicating ideas and opinions to those who can act and make things happen. Today, the landscape is more complex than ever.

Strategic and Change Management and HRM (NESTLE Company Assignment

Strategic and Change Management and HRM (NESTLE Company - Assignment Example For the marketing function to be successful, all the marketing aspects of the marketing function must be effectively executed and coordinated. The marketing mix elements include Product, Place, Price and Promotion. Product refers to the characteristics of the product and brands which is likely to give or deny the organization a competitive advantage. Price refers to the pricing regime and how it compares to the competition with regards to getting customers to purchase more. Place refers to the the distribution strategy. Channels of distribution must enable the organization to get its products to the target customers. Lastly, promotion refers to efforts by the organization to get customers to purchase more of its products. Such efforts include advertisements and other sales promotion efforts such as discounts and giving out coupons redeemable against company’s products among others efforts. Nestle brand portfolio is spread across almost every food and beverage portfolio, with consumers having a choice of different kinds of products and services. Some of the food and beverage categories covered by Nestle include baby foods, bottled water, cereals, chocolate and confectionery, dairy and frozen food. So wide and vast is Nestle UK & Ireland offering that it is estimated that about 97 per cent of UK households consume one or more of Nestle products such as Nescafe, Kit Kat, Buxton and Smarties, while about two billion of Nestle products are sold in the U.K every year (Nestle, 2014). This just shows how widespread usage the product enjoys. It is thus easy to see why Nestle is the most dominant brand in the food and wellness industry. Its expansive product lines mean that it is almost possible that someone at any given time will be having a choice between buying a Nestle product and that of the competition. Besides, the sales of Nestle products have been impressive with good profits being posted. The challenge the firm faces now is to

Medical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Medical - Essay Example She also reported difficultly in speaking resulting in slightly slurred speech. Her sister also commented on her facial appearance saying that her face seemed disfigured. While having breakfast she also noticed having excessive tearing in the right eye (Crocodile tears). These symptoms progressively worsened over the course of the next 8 hours and thus she decided to undergo evaluation for these complaints. She does not have any other existing comorbid conditions and has not had any similar complaints in the past. Her past medical history revealed that she had recently recovered from an episode of common cold and her family history was positive for diabetes, however, she herself is not a known diabetic. Social history was unremarkable. Physical Examination: On inspection of the face, it was observed that the nasolabial folds on the left side of the face were flattened and the patient was unable to completely close her left eye. When the patient was asked to forcefully close her right eye, inward and upward rolling of the eyeball was noted, i.e. demonstration of the Bell’s phenomenon (Monnell & Zachariah, 2009). When she was asked to raise her eyebrows and smile, weakness of the right facial muscles was noted.

Social Consequences Of Long Term Unemployment Essay

Social Consequences Of Long Term Unemployment - Essay Example It is apparently clear that the ability to take huge risks thus amassing more wealth, is hinged on the level of income an individual has at his/her disposal. However, this is thwarted by lack of finances occasioned by unemployment especially long term based. According to Jackson and Crooks, (1993), the atmosphere and environment of unemployment relegates an individual to just existing rather than live. This statement captures how corrosive and disastrous unemployment can affect an individual and the society where unemployment is thriving. Machin et al, (1998), notes that long term unemployment as impacting on the loss of competitiveness in the labour market, thus leading to more unemployment rate in the economy. Moreover, this has a consequence of causing huge income disparities as it becomes quite challenging to competing in the job market as the individual’s skills and competencies that were acquired at any moment end up deteriorating with time due to lack of use. However, H elmut, (2000) paints a grin picture of the social consequences which result from long term unemployment. Unemployment, in a broad sense creates a vicious cycle of poverty that normally leads to the following social consequences that have in them a spiraling effect on the social and economic costs. These in turn, lead to harsh financial hurdles, corrosion of family ties and breakdowns, unserviceable debts, crime in order to survive, social exclusion, dwindling of self esteem and loss of confidence, homelessness and poor health, inaccessibility to quality services, depression and redundancy as pertains to work skills and competencies. Although unemployment may act as an impetus in causing economic action by governments, lack of proper policies may contribute to harmful consequences on the social as well as economic wellbeing of an individual and the country’s employment. Rebecca, (1994), argues that inefficient labour market fuels socio-economic challenges consequently leading to long term unemployment. With the existence of continued unemployment, the individuals get socially excluded. In addition, their economic capability is weakened. Individuals who are faced with long term unemployment effects find it challenging to live. They are forced to borrowing finances in order to survive. Since there are no sources of cash inflows, servicing of the debts become a hurdle. This is especially so with lone parents and those whose education is low. They lack the ability to compete with the increasing demands on the labour market as advanced skills are required to perform the jobs. Moreover, the consequences are so manifest on the young people. These bear the greatest brunt as adjusting to the labour market needs becomes quite challenging. Getting the necessary professional polishing by way of experience proves to be a herculean task as the transfer of skills is limited. Consequently, borrowing becomes the norm, creating a cycle of dependency resulting from lack of financial independency. The spiraling effects of long term consequences of unemployment, lead to deterioration of family ties and breakdowns as the financial instability cripples the purchasing power of the families. This results into confrontations as needs become quite elusive to cater for. The couples at this point may turn to securing financial aid or other sources of help through uncouth means such as prostitution or even drug trafficking. These in consequence contribute to infidelity as well as prosecution, leading to separation of families or divorce. The embarrassments caused by such actions lead to weakening of the social fabric and family ties. Furthermore, this contributes to

Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Discussion Questions - Essay Example Islamic teachings of early Islam inclined towards the social ideals of a settled life in preference to the nomadic way of life of the troublesome Arab nomads. The great importance that Prophet Muhammad placed on a settled way of life (hijra), and the abandonment of the nomadic way of life in the process of embracing Islam formed the basis of this means to subdue the troublesome Arab nomads. According to Donner (1981), this enabled the early Islamic elites to draw support from these religious teachings in their attempts to subdue the potentially troublesome Arab nomads, as can be seen from this quote, when supplies were requested for the troublesome Arab nomads, â€Å"by God, I will not supply you until I have supplied the settled people [ahl al-ha-dira]†. (1) The early Islamic elites denied the troublesome Arab nomads’ high positions of power in the political set up, and in the army chain of command, even if their loyalty was not in doubt, as the second means to control the Arab nomads. This ostracizing of the nomadic tribes meant that in the eyes of the ruling elite, they were not fit to occupy such seats of power. This meant that only the settled people occupied these seats of power, and removed the possibility of the Arab nomads being able to use these seats of power to incite action on behalf of the Arab nomads. (1) The tax pattern that was introduced by the early Islamic elites in the opinion of Donner (1981), sought to ostracize the Arab nomads. While the Muslims leading a settled way of life had to pay alms or zakat, and the non-Muslims leading a settled way of life tribute, or tax called jizya, the nomadic tribes had to pay a tax called sadaqa. This differentiation suggests that though the nomadic Arabs, who had embraced the religion of Islam were not considered to the settled Muslimsm and could be extended to mean that they were not Muslims in the true sense. (1) The final means employed by the early Islamic elite in subduing the

Health & Social Care Essay Example for Free

Health Social Care Essay Ai) What is meant by ‘duty of care’. Health and social care organisations have what is called a duty of care towards the people they look after. That means that they must do everything they can to keep the people in their care safe from harm. It is not only the care establishment that needs to prioritise the safety, welfare and interests of the people using its services, but also the care workers of the establishment. My employer also has a duty of care for staff members, to ensure that working conditions are safe, and suitable to deliver the service. Aii) How the duty of care affects the work of a social care worker. It means the duty of care you have in your job is to keep yourself safe and your service user safe. Keep up to date on your training. All ways wash your hands before attending a service user before and after, and wear the protective aprons and gloves that are supplied by your work the duty is in exercising caution and to refrain from causing another person injury or loss. In tort law, a duty of care is a legal obligation imposed on an individual requiring that they adhere to a standard of reasonable care while performing any acts that could foreseeable harm others. Aiii) What having a duty of care means for a care giving organisation. When an employer adheres to the duty of care in a setting such as a residential care home it protects residents as well as the staff. This is because all codes of practice are carried out and makes the home a safer environment, e.g. equipment is regularly checked, chemicals are stored correctly staff trained regularly Aiv) How the duty of care contributes to safeguarding individuals. In my role I have a duty of care to raise any concerns I may have about any aspect of my work. These can range from inadequate working conditions, poor equipment, and poor practice by other staff; to raising concerns about potential abuse cases and situations of neglect. It is my duty of care to safeguard individuals from harm. All employees should report any concerns of abuse they have. These might include evidence or suspicions of bad practice by colleagues and managers, or abuse by another individual, another worker or an individual’s family or friends. If I do not work in this way, I could be considered negligent or incompetent. If I am in any doubt at any time, I must discuss any issues I have with my supervisor / manager.

Song of Lawino Poem by Okot pBitek

Song of Lawino Poem by Okot pBitek In Song of Lawino, by Okot pbitek, the main theme revolves around Lawino attacking Ocol, her husband who had left her for a modern woman, and his ways while praising her own culture. She is a proud and traditional Acoli woman who holds a certain disregard for the western culture that her educated husband had fallen into. A lot throughout the novel, she keeps on cursing Ocol and making a racket and din about all his misdeeds. She also launches an attack on Clementine, Ocols new westernized, educated wife. Now, whether or not she had a solid case for acting so strongly against Ocol and Tina is what we shall be looking at in this essay. And that she looks sickly and is a piteous sight. These unprovoked accusations will be considered as jealousy by many especially since Lawino admits I do not deny, I am a little jealous, which I consider a huge understatement since Lawinos hate which is evident in the second chapter is proof that she is in fact very jealous of Tinas influence over Ocol. However, how much ever Lawino is jealous of Tina, she absolutely does not have a case since this cannot justify any misdoing on Ocols part because polygamy was a common thing at that time and Ocol had every right to marry Tina. And Lawinos jealousy was not acceptable evidence against Ocol. Some may say that Lawino expressed more than jealousy and was actually defending her rich African culture, but she did, however, do it at the cost of degrading the western culture. Nevertheless, he does his role well, and goes to many lengths saying that the local congress party was against Catholics (the faith Ocol believes in). This, apart from creating a bad will for him among people, also causes conflicts within his own family. We see that, Ocols brother was the leader of the congress party, the arch-enemy of the Democratic Party that Ocol leads. This causes Ocol to become bitter and turn the whole issue personal. He says that his brother wants to kill him and he also forbids Lawino to visit her husband in laws house and indeed orders her not to even talk to them. It was once said by a great man called Vivekananda that when a man has begun to feel ashamed of his ancestors, the end has come. This is exactly what Ocol does. In this case, I feel that Ocol was being too unacceptable. Although Ocol is against his brother politically, I think making the issue personal was a stupid thing to do. He was in fact blowing up the matter to something big. Lawino, who in this case was being very thoughtful, realizes that these two men were doing senseless. After all, the main aim of the parties was supposed to be national unity and now the war leaders are tightly locked in bloody feuds, eating each others livers and she correctly notices that ignorance stands there like an elephant. In the chapter seven, where it says there is no fixed time for breast-feeding, Lawino has something more to her favor. Ocols obsession over time is a debatable issue. Yes, in modern times, people would agree with Ocol that time should not be wasted and so it must be used to its full potential. However, I feel that Ocol is taking the issue of time too far by wanting to keep fixed time for every little thing in the house. Lawino says; For such a case, I think Lawino does again have a point. Its perfectly sensible to breastfeed when there is a need to. So, Ocols heaps of abuse on Lawinos illiteracy for not knowing time is just plain unacceptable. He neednt insist everything in their house happen on time when the Acolis have managed their priorities for years by simply following the suns movement and the roosters crow. Until now, Lawino mostly did have a solid case in many things that she was saying. However, the rest of what she says is, in my viewpoint, a matter of opinion and so it will not hold a solid case against Ocol. She laments about Ocols decision to follow the western culture instead, but lawfully, there was nothing wrong with that. Ocol had every right to follow the way of life that he wants by all means. Being university educated may have changed his way of thinking and caused him to want to westernize. Lawinos accusations of him of being a traitor to his traditions may have been culturally correct, but definitely not strong enough to sue him. Some may say that Lawino was in fact being irrational as she was trying to impose her culture on Ocol, without letting him be. And he also goes in to regret why was I born Black? Ocol tries his hardest to deny the African blood in him and he wants to assimilate into the white peoples culture instead. This is not acceptable because if he has the right to enjoy his ways, then Lawino does too. So, we can say that in this particular matter, both Lawino and Ocol are at fault. The above argument, apart from referring to culture, is also applicable to the differing religious faith that the two follow. Agreed, Lawino does not think much of the hunchback or the clean ghost and neither does Ocol of Lawinos traditional African religion where he says we will smash / the taboos / one by one / explode the basis / of every superstition / we will uproot / every sacred tree/ and demolish every ancestral / shrine. Hence the two should have learnt to co-exist with each other rather than squabble endlessly other their faiths. So, in conclusion, after evaluating the cases of both Lawino and Ocol, I deduce that Lawinos case is stronger than Ocols. Seeing that Lawino has been more of a victim under Ocols hands than Ocol under the white mens, as seen in the argument given above, Lawino does indeed have a proper case against Ocol. Although Lawino had a small part to do with it, her marital tribulations have been highly unstable mainly because of Ocols foolish attitude and his senseless actions.

My Personal Philosophy of Education Essay -- Philosophy of Teaching St

Philosophy of Education Relating my reasons for becoming a teacher was not a very difficult task for me; to accomplish this task I simply needed to reflect upon and describe some of my own personal experiences. I relied basically upon my memories and thoughts about my own educational experiences. However, describing my philosophy of education was much more difficult task for me to accomplish. First of all, before I could properly describe my philosophy, I realized I needed a working definition of the concept of philosophy. My search for this working definition of the term philosophy led to further research which provided further insight into viewpoints of various well-known philosophers; some of whom we discussed in class. Therefore, the purpose of my research became twofold, the first purpose was to obtain a working definition of the concept of philosophy. The second purpose was to become more familiar with some of the ideas of a few well known philosophers which would help me compare my own lines of thinking with some of their viewpoints and help me conceptualize my own philosophy of teaching. As I stated before, my reasons for becoming a teacher were easy to identify and describe. First of all, I have always very much enjoyed being around children of all ages and view teaching as the profession that will allow me to do something I truly enjoy. Secondly, I also strongly feel that in order to successfully teach in any discipline, one must be interested in, and be proficient in, the content of the discipline. Therefore, I chose the field of physical education primarily because of my lifelong interest in physical activities of all kinds and also because of my personal successes in the sport o... ...h development of strategies that will allow students to overcome their weaknesses to the fullest extent they can be. I feel that development of their strengths and strategies for overcoming their weaknesses will allow my students to develop self-knowledge and confidence in their own abilities, which in turn, will encourage them to make good choices throughout their lives. I will strive to practice this above stated philosophy throughout my teaching career, and create risk reduced environments and also assignments such as this one. This assignment encouraged me to think deeper and connect with the thoughts of others and I always found that assignments that encourage deeper thought help me to develop further self-knowledge. Finally, I will always emphasize the importance of education and encourage its pursuit as a valuable lifelong mission for all.

The Atomic Bomb :: American America History

The Atomic Bomb The atomic bomb is a powerful, explosive nuclear weapon. It is fueled by the fission of the nuclei of specific amounts of plutonium or uranium, in a chain reaction. The strength of the explosion created by one of these bombs is equal to the strength of an explosion created by thousands of tons of TNT. To detonate one of these bombs, enough mass of plutonium or uranium must be provided to reach what is known as "critical mass." Critical mass is the mass at which the nuclear reactions going on inside the material can make up for the neutrons that are leaving the material through its outside surface. These materials are usually separated within the bomb so that critical mass cannot be reached until the bomb is ready to explode. Once the chemical reactions within the bomb begin, the neutrons released by each reaction hit other atoms and create more fission reactions until all the material is scattered, or completely exhausted. This process releases enormous amounts of energy in the form of extreme heat and a massive shock wave. These nuclear explosions, in addition to their pressure waves, high winds, and flash burns, produce deadly radiation that contaminates soil and water, and destroyed living matter. The atomic bomb was first created in the early twentieth century. Physicists in the United States and Europe had discovered that the fission of uranium could be used to create a deadly explosive weapon. A letter was sent to U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt by Albert Einstein that described this discovery and warned him of its potential dangers if developed by other nations. The Manhattan Project was established by the U.S. government in 1942 so the country could develop an atomic device. A team under the command of United States Army Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves designed and built the first atomic bombs, directed by J. Robert Oppenheimer. This type of bomb was first tested at Alamogordo, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945. The amount of energy that was released by this explosion alone was equivalent to twenty thousand tons of TNT. Many nations have tested nuclear devices, in the atmosphere, under the earth, and under the oceans. Only the United States of America, Russia, Great Britain, France, and China openly admit to possessing these nuclear weapons. Many other nations, however, are thought to have the capability to assemble these items quickly.

Factors Associated with Divorce :: Divorce Marriage Relationships Essays

Factors Associated with Divorce Research shows there are 4 major factors that increase the likelihood of divorce A. Divorce Caused By Age At Marriage 1. As age when married decreases, likelihood of divorce increases - Couples under the age of 18 are much more likely to divorce than couples who marry at any later age 2. Younger Couples Are: - Unprepared for marriage - Unaware of what is expected of them - Not mature enough to handle responsibilities 3. Drawbacks - The younger you are the less dating experience you’ve had - Not sure what you really value in a partner - Being young they may get bored and prefer a new marriage as opposed to their current one - Young couples have few reasons not to divorce - May have married without parents permission, so divorce may be supported by family - Likely do not have property together 4. Marrying due to pregnancy - Having a child before or early in marriage - Gives couple little time to adjust to each other and demands of marriage - May limit the parents’ educational and occupational goals - Increases financial strain on relationship B. Race 1. Studies show African Americans have higher divorce rates than Whites or Latinos - African Americans also much more likely to remain in a â€Å"separated† status - Their greater likelihood of being unemployed and living in poverty contribute to marital disruption 2. African American women are: - Less likely to marry - More likely to separate or divorce - Less likely to remarry On average African American women spend only about half the amount of time white women spend in marriage. C. Socioeconomic Status 1. Lower socioeconomic strata of society: - Lower levels of education, Lower incomes, Lower-status occupations - Higher marital instability rates Poor families are twice as likely to breakup as nonpoor families. - Lower-status married couples may have higher divorce rates because they

Reaction Paper to Ethics Essay

In chapter 1 we discuss the study of â€Å"ETHICS†. Ethics came from the word ethos which means the characteristic way of acting and its Latin word is mos., mores which means the traditional line of conduct or custom. It is form this root word that the word moral or morality is derived. Example of ethos of man as man is revealed that he is able to distinguish between good and evil, right or wrong, moral and immoral. Ethics is defined as the â€Å"practical and philosophical science of the morality of human act†. In science it is a body of systematized knowledge arranged with its accompanying explanation. In a practical science ethics consists of principles and laws that are applied in daily living. In philosophical science it presents and deliberates its subject matter. Ethics has an object material object to human, formula object to morality act, formula object quo to human reason, and formula. Ethics also has importance first is to sharpen the moral nature of the lear ners by inculcating the moral norms it means that to open to the mind to people that ethics is important. Second is to make them aware of the moral principles and laws governing man’s action It’s importance to aware to man’s moral principles and laws to what are their limitation as a man. Third to help the students become aware of the intimate relation between their moral natures and law, student must know also their relations as a man and be aware what they’re doing as man are. Fourth to show to the learners acting in accordance with the rational and moral nature could lead them supernatural destiny-God and fifth is to develop in the students in the students realize that people cannot live together harmoniously in society without the ethical norms and laws applied or followed. There are two types of ethical system. First is the Atheistic which he/she believes that God does not exist or we can say that this kind of man is an Anti-Christ. It’s characteristic that only matter exist, Man is responsible only to himself, morality is an invention of man to su it his requirements and top preserve his society, and moral truths are temporary and mutable depending on the situation. The concept of good and evil is always relative and changeable. Their theories is that matter is the reality that man is matter and does not have spiritual dimension, man is free and  must exercise his freedom to promote the welfare of society, and man is accountable only to state. Second ethical system is the Theistic that he/she believes that God is the supreme lawgiver. Man is free and must use his freedom to promote his personal and social interest along with his fellowmen, has an immoral soul which cannot die, and is accountable for his actions, both good and evil. In chapter 1 we also discuss that ethics has a relation to other sciences. Ethics and logic that doing follows thinking as knowledge or right leads to doing of right. Ethics and psychology both deals with the study of man, human nature, and human behavior its difference is that psychology is not interested in the morality of human act, unlike ethics. Ethics and Sociology it deals with the moral order which includes the social order. Society depends on ethics for its underlying principles. And finally ethics and economics man is also an economic being because he has to support himself y earning a living this to aspects of one and the same human nature. Chapter 2 we discuss â€Å"Man and His Existence† in this chapter we recognize some Greek thinkers (The founder of philosophy of man). First Socrates (469-399BC) his is a teacher of Plato he believes that man is made of body and soul. The soul is distinct from the body, and is likened to God in memory, understanding, indivisibility, immortality, and the highest value if man is happiness. Second Plato (427-347 BC) he believes that man is essentially a soul that souls are spiritual and immortal and death liberates the soul from the prison of the body. And third Aristotle (384-322) He also believes that man is made of body and soul. Some Christian thinkers like St. Augustine of Hippo, St Anselm of Italy and St. Thomas Aquinas accepted the philosophical teaching of ancient philosophers in their view that man is composed of body and soul. But they incorporated the idea on the church’s teaching. They hold that the human soul is spiritual being essentially present in his body. Some Oriental philosophers Lao- Tse who encourages man to be virtuous in order to attain Tao The term Tao means â€Å"way†, â€Å"path† or â€Å"principle†, and can also be found in Chinese philosophies and religions other than Taoism. Confucius who taught man with his â€Å"Golden Rule† Do not impose on others what you do not wish for yourself. Had order to attain happiness and self-protection. Gautama â€Å"Buddha† Siddharta who is â€Å"The  Enlightened one† believes that man must strive for happiness, that can’t not be attained in this world for it is a state of peace. They hold the only way for man to reach happiness is liberate him from the slavery of sensual pleasures of this world and from selfishness. There some various notions of man. Man as body – soul composite Man as a rational animal Man as embodied subjectivity Man is a being – in this world Man as socius and interhuman Man as a person and Man as an absolute value. We also discussed in chapter 2 the human existence the meaning of existentialism a reaction to the depersonalization, dehumanization, the loss of the uniqueness of the individual during the Industrial revolution. Rene Descartes a French philosopher (1956-1650) Father of modern philosophy. He started with his â€Å"methodic doubt† he claimed that everything was dubitable even hid own body. But doubting is an concludes that if we think therefore we exist â€Å"COGITO ERGO SUM† some of human existential experiences are. The experience of the good Man experience the good things here on earth the experience of the beautiful the beautiful how we live  the experience of love the love to each other  the experience of existence of being a human and as a man and the experience of the of happiness while living here on earth. Socrates told that â€Å"Know thyself† and unexamined life is not worth living that soul is imprisoned in the body Plato tells death about liberation world of forms over idea which soul (real man) its parts is rational, appetitive, and spiritual. Aristotle tells that a rational animal of being a Hylemopshism- Being In Chapter 3 we discuss â€Å"Man and his end† Man does not act without any motive or objective in view. He always acts to achieve something by the action. End is both termination and a goal of activity. It is that which completes of finishes a thing, and it is that for which the thing is finished. End as something good the end of human is apprehended as good desirable. If the end  is desirable or attractable to the agent, then it must be good. There are three modes of perceiving and using the good. Good as to utility an object or act is perceived as good when it is useful for one’s proposed and satisfaction. Good as to beauty an object or an act is a thing of beauty when it satisfies their aesthetic appetite. The judgment if beauty remains both subjective and objective. And good as to nature or reality it is not accidental. End has four classifications. End of the act it is the natural termination of an activity, thus, what is good and desirable is also the end of the act. End of the agent it is a personal purpose intended by the person performing the relax himself. Temporal ends, intermediate ends this is intermediary in that they are used as means to attain other ends. And Ultimate end this is the last final goal of a human act and human agent. It is the end of all ends. This is a permanent and absolute one. End also has two aspects first is the subjective ultimate end is the subjective possession of the objective ultimate end by the person. The possession results to enjoyment or happiness. Second is objective end gives the agent happiness by possession thereof. There are some ultimate goals of life chosen by certain thinkers. First is materialistic ethics holds that the supreme good of man are human pleasures and satisfaction. It has three kinds hedonism holds that the highest end of man is found in sensual pleasures and bodily s atisfaction. Utilitarianism insist that the ultimate end of man is the possession political power through conquest of the other nations Social Utilitarianism claims that the greatest value of man consists the maximum welfare of the entire society Second is the Ultra-spiritualism takes spiritual matters and virtues in this life as ultimate end. And it has two kinds of it Greco Roman stoicism believes that the virtue and abstinence from sensual pleasures as the highest end of man. Humanistic Personalism holds that the ultimate end of man consist of human perfection through knowledge, virtue, honor which must be acquired. Last is the Progressive ethics the final goal of man is the continuous acquisition of all temporal goods which may be socio-economic political and moral progress, taken as a while as general or individual well-being in society. We also discuss the Christian ethics came from the  Greek word Christus this simply shows us about the history of salvation from eternity to eternity. Eth ical Ultimate Goal of Chrisitanity are to glorify to God (God’s glory) that Christians worship God through prayers and by attending a mass and listening to pastors or priest to the word of God by the Bible. And Salvation of Mankind by spreading the word of God to mankind especially when you read John 3:16 : For God so love the world that he gave his only begotten son for whosoever believeth in him should not perish but have an everlasting life† In chapter 4 we discuss â€Å"Human Acts† is an activity that man wants to obtain. In wide sense, human act means any sort of activity, internal or external, bodily or spiritual done by a human being. Acts of man is an activity of man as animal. There are three signs of acts of Man they act are done in deliberately, they are not done freely, and they are done involuntary. Acts of man are instinctive, and are not within the control of the will. Human act is an act which proceeds from the deliberate free will of man. In order that an act is human, it must possess three essential qualities. There are three essential attributes of human acts. First an act which is deliberately done, it must be performed by conscious agent who is aware of what he are doing and of its consequences Second an act which is done freely or with freedom, it must be performed by an agent who is acting freely and the act must not be done out of far. And Last one is an act is done voluntarily on voluntariness the act must be performed by the agent who decides willfully to perform the act, it emanates from the bottom of his heart. Human acts must be done knowingly, freely and voluntarily. There are also kinds of human act and its classification. First is an Elicited act it is that begins and are perfected in the will itself. These acts find their adequate cause in the will alone. Wish the first tendency of the will towards a thing, natural, inclination of the will towards an object. Intention the purposive tendency of the will towards a thing regarded as realizable. Consent the acceptance of the work of the means necessary to carry out intention. Election is the selection by the will of the precise means to be employed in carrying out intent. Use the employment by the will of powers to carry out its intention by the means selected. And fruition the enjoyment of a thing willed and done. We also discuss in his chapter the will and freedom. Wills is man’s natural  tendency of being attracted to what is good and beautiful and be repulsed from what is evil and ugly after they have been presented by intellect. Moral distinctions is the human acts may either be in conformity or not with the dictates of season shows what is permissible in a given situation, the best option as a matter of facts. Moral actions are those actions which are in conformity with the norm of morality. Immoral actions are those actions which are not in conformity with the norm of morality. and Amoral action are those action which stand neutral in relation to the norm or morality. Ignorance is the absence of the intellectual knowledge in a man. There are some aspects of ignorance. Ignorance of the law is the absence of knowledge of a person ought to possess Ignorance of the fact is the ignorance of nature of circumstances of an act that is generally forbidden in the community. Ignorance of penalty is the lack of knowledge of the sanction imposed by low to violators. And ignorance it its subject it lies in the agent who has no knowledge of the law, fact or penalty. In chapter 5 we discuss â€Å"The Norms of human act† Norm is a standard of measurement. It is an instrument or which the quality or quantity of a thing is determined. It is something we distinguish the goodness and evilness of the man act. Norm has two human acts. First is Law is an ordinance of reason, promulgated for the common good by one who has charged of a society. Law is an ordinance an order coming the legitimate authority law is an ordinance of reason its result of the law gives reasonable wills it should not contrary to higher law. law is promulgated it made known to those bound by it and made it publicly. Law is promulgated for the common good it must serve for the public good. And law is promulgated in a society it is applicable only to those the social institutions, society and community and pertains to the legitimate lawgivers. There are also norms of morality Eternal law it is the divine reason and will commanding that the natural order of things be preserved and forbidding that it disturbed. Natural law or the law of nature (Latin: lex naturalis), is a system of law that is purportedly determined by nature, and thus universal. Classically, natural  law refers to the use of reason to analyze human nature—both social and personal—and deduce binding rules of moral behavior. Natural law is contrasted with the positive law (meaning â€Å"man-made law†, not â€Å"good law†; posit) of a given political community, society, or nation-state, and thus serves as a standard by which to criticize said positive law. And last we discuss about kinds of conscience. Corrects or true conscience it discerns and dictates to the person that is good as good what is evil as evil. Erroneous or False Conscience it mistakes what is good as to evil and what is evil to good. Scrupulous Conscience this is extremely cautious or fearful to the point that the person refuses to do or judges the act. Lax conscience this finds excuses for an evil act to be no sinful. Certain Conscience a person acts in the state of good faith And Doubtful Conscience he is not sure on the goodness or badness of an act.